the impact and risks of the transition to a green economy, especially the associated transition costs and investment needs;
the increasing physical impact of climate change, and how measures to adapt to a hotter world affect the economy;
the risks stemming from nature loss and degradation, how they interact with climate-related risks and how they could affect the ECB’s work through their impact on the economy and financial system.

“A hotter climate and the degradation of natural capital are forcing change in our economy and financial system. We must understand and keep up with this change to continue to fulfil our mandate”, said ECB President Christine Lagarde. “By broadening and intensifying our efforts we can better understand the implications of these changes and, in doing so, help to underpin stability and support the green transition of the economy and the financial system.”

To this end, the following concrete measures have been agreed.

On the transition to a green economy, the ECB will intensify its work on the effects of transition funding, green investment needs, transition plans and how the green transition affects aspects of our economy such as labour, productivity and growth. The results will also inform the ECB’s macro modelling framework. Furthermore, the ECB will explore, within its mandate, the case for further changes to its monetary policy instruments and portfolios in view of this transition.
On the increasing physical impact of climate change, the ECB will deepen its analysis of the impact of extreme weather events on inflation and the financial system, and how this can be integrated into climate scenarios and macroeconomic projections. It will also assess the potential impact of adaptation, or lack thereof, to climate change on the economy and financial sector, including related investment needs and the insurance protection gap.
On nature loss and degradation, the ECB will analyse the close link with climate change, and the associated economic and financial implications. It will also further explore the role of ecosystems for the economy and the financial system.
With regard to its own operations, the ECB will launch its eighth Environmental Management Programme to support achieving its 2030 carbon reduction targets. Together with the entire Eurosystem, its work will include eco-design principles for the future euro banknote series and incorporate environmental footprint considerations into the design of a digital euro that is currently in the preparation phase.

The decision to step up efforts in these areas follows the ECB’s stocktake of its climate actions since launching its 2022 climate agenda, and an adjustment of its work plan in the light of the changing environment and improvements in data availability and methodologies.

The work planned for these focus areas will complement the ECB’s current climate-related actions in its ongoing tasks, including monetary policy and banking supervision. The ECB will improve its climate-related indicators, risk monitoring and disclosures, and continue to contribute to the development of climate-related policies in European and international fora. Looking ahead, the ECB remains committed to regularly reviewing these actions to ensure they are fit for purpose and contribute to fulfilling its mandate.